Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD) is a common viral illness caused by enteroviruses, most frequently Coxsackievirus A16 or Enterovirus 71. This highly contagious infection is often seen in children, but adults, including pregnant individuals, can contract it. While an HFMD diagnosis during pregnancy can cause concern, the overall risk to the mother and the developing fetus is generally low. The illness is usually self-limiting, though the timing of the infection in relation to delivery is a factor that medical providers monitor closely.
Maternal Symptoms and Severity
Pregnant individuals who contract HFMD often experience symptoms similar to those of any other adult. The illness typically begins with non-specific signs, such as a fever and a sore throat. This is followed by the characteristic rash, which presents as painful, blister-like sores in the mouth and flat or raised red spots on the palms and soles of the feet. The rash may also appear on other areas, including the knees, elbows, buttocks, or genital area. While some adults may experience a severe case, others may be asymptomatic. Most adults who become ill recover completely within seven to ten days.
Fetal Risk and Prenatal Concerns
For most of a pregnancy, contracting HFMD is not associated with an increased risk of major congenital defects or miscarriage. The primary concern for the developing fetus is related to the mother’s fever, especially during the first trimester. High maternal temperature can pose a slight risk to the pregnancy, emphasizing the importance of prompt fever management. The virus itself rarely crosses the placenta, making vertical transmission from mother to fetus uncommon. There is no established evidence that HFMD directly causes adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as congenital disorders. Healthcare providers may recommend additional monitoring, like ultrasounds, if the infection occurs, especially in the later stages of pregnancy.
Safe Management and Symptom Relief
Treatment for HFMD is primarily supportive, focusing on managing uncomfortable symptoms until the illness passes. Hydration is a priority, as painful mouth sores can make drinking difficult, increasing the risk of dehydration. Drinking cold liquids or sucking on popsicles can help soothe the mouth and encourage fluid intake. Fever and pain can be safely managed with acetaminophen. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen, should be avoided, particularly in the third trimester due to potential fetal complications. Contact an obstetrician if a persistent high fever, signs of dehydration, or symptoms that do not improve within ten days occur.
Exposure Timing and Neonatal Infection
Contracting HFMD in the late third trimester carries a significant risk for the newborn. If the infection occurs close to delivery, the virus can be transmitted to the baby during or shortly after birth because there is insufficient time for the mother to pass protective antibodies. Most cases of neonatal HFMD are mild, resulting in a rash and mild flu-like symptoms. However, in rare instances, the infection can be severe, potentially affecting internal organs like the heart, liver, or brain. To minimize transmission risk postpartum, strict hygiene measures, such as frequent handwashing and avoiding close contact with the mother’s blisters, are recommended.