Khat, scientifically known as Catha edulis, is an evergreen shrub whose leaves and young shoots are chewed for their psychoactive effects. The practice of chewing the fresh leaves induces a state of mild euphoria and excitement, similar to amphetamines. Khat has a long history of traditional use in specific regions, but its psychoactive properties have led to varying levels of regulation globally.
Geographic Origin and Traditional Use
Khat is native to the Horn of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, including Ethiopia, Kenya, and Yemen. Its use is established as a deeply rooted cultural custom. The traditional method of consumption involves chewing the fresh leaves and tender stems, which are often held in the cheek as a bolus, or “quid,” for an extended period.
This chewing ritual allows the active compounds to be released and absorbed through the mucous membranes of the mouth. Khat chewing is frequently a social affair, often taking place in dedicated sessions lasting several hours. It is commonly used to enhance social gatherings, religious ceremonies, and as an aid to combat fatigue during work.
Active Components and Acute Stimulant Effects
The stimulating effects of khat are primarily attributable to two related alkaloids: cathinone and cathine. Cathinone is the more potent compound, structurally similar to amphetamine, and is responsible for the stronger initial effects. Because cathinone is unstable and degrades into cathine within 48 hours of harvest, khat leaves must be consumed while fresh to achieve the desired potency.
Upon chewing, the released cathinone and cathine act as central nervous system stimulants. The immediate, acute effects include mild euphoria, elation, and increased talkativeness. Users also report enhanced alertness, energy, and an increased flow of ideas, which can lead to suppressed appetite and a reduced need for sleep. Physically, the drug’s sympathomimetic action results in elevated heart rate and increased blood pressure.
Chronic Health Risks and Dependency Potential
Regular or heavy use of khat is linked to several health consequences. Cardiovascular risks are present, as the stimulant effect can lead to chronic hypertension and an increased risk of heart problems. Chronic chewers face an elevated risk of myocardial infarction and other cardiac complications due to sustained strain on the heart muscle.
Physical issues also frequently manifest in the gastrointestinal tract and mouth. Constipation is a reported adverse effect, alongside an increased risk of developing gastric disorders. The constant chewing action and the presence of tannins can cause dental problems, including:
- Gum disease.
- Tooth decay.
- Lesions in the mouth.
- Increased risk of oral cancer.
Psychological health is also compromised with chronic use, as users often experience a “crash” when the effects wear off, leading to lethargy, anxiety, and depression. Long-term abuse can also induce manic behavior, paranoia, and, in severe cases, khat-induced psychosis. While physical dependence is considered mild, regular use can lead to a strong psychological dependence, with withdrawal symptoms including irritability, tremors, and intense mood swings.
Global Regulatory Status
The legal status of khat varies across the world. In its native growing regions, such as Yemen and Ethiopia, khat remains legal and is a significant economic commodity. However, many Western nations classify it as a controlled substance due to the presence of cathinone.
The psychoactive compounds in khat are scheduled under international conventions, with cathinone listed in the 1971 United Nations Convention on Psychotropic Substances. In the United States, the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) controls the active ingredients under the Controlled Substances Act. Cathinone is classified as a Schedule I stimulant, indicating a high potential for abuse and no accepted medical use. Cathine is regulated as a Schedule IV stimulant.