Propolis is a resinous substance collected by honeybees from various botanical sources, most often tree buds and sap flows, used in the construction and maintenance of their hives. Often called “bee glue,” this sticky material is a natural blend of plant compounds, beeswax, and bee secretions. Raw propolis is hard and difficult for humans to consume or absorb effectively, so it is typically processed into a liquid or powdered extract for use in dietary supplements and various consumer products. The resulting propolis extract concentrates the active plant components into a more bioavailable form, which is the most common way this bee product is utilized today.
The Source and Composition of Propolis
Propolis originates when worker bees forage for plant exudates, specifically sticky resins and gums found on the buds of certain trees, such as poplars and conifers. The bees then mix these collected resins with their own salivary secretions and small amounts of beeswax and pollen before applying the material within the hive structure. This blending process transforms the raw botanical material into propolis.
Within the colony, propolis serves a structural and hygienic function, acting as a sealant to fill small gaps and cracks in the hive walls. The bees also use it to smooth internal surfaces and to line the brood cells, which helps to create a more sanitized environment for the developing young. This usage helps the bees protect the colony from external microbial threats.
The chemical makeup of propolis is complex and varies significantly based on the local flora available to the bees. Generally, propolis contains about 50% plant resins and balsams, 30% waxes, 10% essential oils, and 5% pollen and other organic materials. The majority of the biologically active components are found within the resin fraction, which consists of hundreds of compounds. These include high concentrations of polyphenols, such as flavonoids and phenolic acids.
Creating the Extract
Raw propolis must be processed into an extract because its waxy, hard, and sticky nature makes it poorly absorbed by the human body. The extraction process is designed to separate the desirable active compounds from the inert beeswax and other debris. This concentrates the beneficial components into a form that can be easily incorporated into liquid tinctures, capsules, or topical applications.
The most widespread method for creating a consumable product is alcohol-based extraction, which results in a propolis tincture. High-proof food-grade ethanol is used as the solvent, effectively dissolving the fat-soluble resins and flavonoids while leaving the majority of the wax behind. The resulting liquid is then filtered multiple times to remove any remaining solid particles before being standardized to a specific concentration.
Alternative methods include water-based or glycol-based extraction, which are often used to create alcohol-free products. The choice of solvent is important because it dictates which specific compounds are ultimately present in the final product. For instance, an aqueous extract primarily contains water-soluble phenolic compounds, while an ethanol extract captures a much broader spectrum of the fat-soluble components.
Key Uses and Applications
Propolis extract is incorporated into a wide variety of products intended for both internal consumption and topical application. As a dietary supplement, the extract is available in capsule form or as a liquid tincture meant to be taken orally, often in a diluted form. Its inclusion in these supplements is aimed at supporting general wellness and body functions.
A significant application area is in oral hygiene and dental care products, where propolis extract is used in formulations such as mouthwashes, toothpastes, and throat lozenges. The extract is utilized in these products to promote localized cleanliness within the mouth and throat. The extract is also frequently found in topical preparations like creams, ointments, and gels intended for skin application.
These topical products are commonly used for supporting the recovery of minor skin irritations or applied to help maintain the condition of the skin. Historically, propolis has been incorporated into preparations for treating wounds and burns across various cultures. Modern applications center around these external uses, applying the extract for localized support of the skin’s natural processes.
The extract is also used in cosmetic formulations like lip balms and facial serums, valued for its complex chemical profile derived from botanical sources. In these products, propolis is included to help maintain healthy skin appearance and texture.
Important Safety Considerations
While propolis extract is generally considered acceptable for consumption and topical use, individuals should be aware of potential adverse reactions. The most common concern is the risk of an allergic response, particularly for those with known allergies to bee products like honey or bee pollen. People sensitive to certain plant resins, especially those from poplar trees, may also experience an allergic reaction to propolis.
Adverse reactions can manifest as skin irritation or contact dermatitis when applied topically, or as respiratory symptoms if consumed orally. Because propolis is marketed as a dietary supplement, it does not undergo the rigorous testing and approval process required for pharmaceutical drugs. It is important to follow the dosage instructions provided on the product label and seek professional medical guidance.
Propolis may slow the rate of blood clotting, which can be a consideration for individuals with bleeding disorders or those scheduled for surgery. It is recommended that people discontinue the use of propolis extract at least two weeks before any planned surgical procedure. It is advisable to consult with a healthcare provider before beginning any new supplement regimen, especially if taking other medications.