The confusion between the terms bison and buffalo is common, especially when discussing the shaggy, massive animals historically found on the North American plains. Though often used interchangeably, they refer to two distinctly different groups of animals separated by geography, evolutionary history, and physical traits. This guide examines the scientific and visual differences that distinguish a bison from a buffalo.
Taxonomic and Geographical Separation
The most fundamental difference between these two animals lies in their scientific classification and native habitats. Bison belong to the genus Bison, including the American Bison (Bison bison) and the European Bison (Wisent). True buffaloes belong to different genera: the African Cape Buffalo (Syncerus caffer) and the Asian Water Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). This taxonomic separation means bison are more closely related to domestic cattle than they are to true buffaloes.
The geographical distribution of the species is equally distinct. Bison are native exclusively to the Northern Hemisphere, historically found across North America and Europe. Conversely, true buffaloes are found only in the Southern and Eastern Hemispheres, restricted to Africa and Asia. The American Bison roamed the grasslands of North America, while the African Cape Buffalo inhabits the savannas of sub-Saharan Africa.
Key Physical Differences
The most noticeable difference is the massive hump located on the shoulder of the bison. This structure is formed by elongated vertebral spines and dense muscle, supporting the bison’s large head and allowing it to sweep snow for foraging in harsh winters. True buffaloes completely lack this pronounced shoulder hump, featuring a smoother, more rounded back. Bison also possess a dense, shaggy coat, particularly around the head and shoulders, providing insulation against cold. Buffaloes, adapted to warmer climates, have comparatively shorter, sparser coats.
The structure of their horns provides another clear visual separation. Bison horns are relatively short, sharp, and curved, typically pointing upward. In contrast, the African Cape Buffalo is known for its heavy, helmet-like boss, where the bases of the horns fuse across the forehead. Asian Water Buffaloes have long, wide, crescent-shaped horns that can stretch over six feet in length. These physical traits are evolutionary responses to their respective environments.
Origin of the Misnomer
The widely accepted use of the term “buffalo” for the North American animal is a linguistic accident dating back to the arrival of early European explorers. French fur trappers in the 17th century encountered the great herds and mistakenly applied the term bœuf (French for ox or beef). This term evolved into the English word “buffalo” and became culturally embedded in North America. This historical confusion is responsible for names like “Buffalo Bill” and the “buffalo nickel,” even though the animal is scientifically a bison. The colloquial use of “buffalo” remains common in the United States and Canada, perpetuating the misnomer.