Blood glucose, often called blood sugar, is the primary source of energy for the body’s cells, including those in the brain. This glucose comes directly from the food a child eats, particularly carbohydrates, which are broken down and released into the bloodstream. Maintaining consistent glucose levels fuels physical activity, supports cognitive function, and promotes healthy development. The body relies on a hormonal balance to ensure this energy source remains within a safe range, preventing levels from rising too high or dropping too low.
Establishing Healthy Target Ranges
For a child without diabetes, the body’s internal systems automatically keep blood glucose levels within a narrow, healthy range. Measurements are typically taken in milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) or millimoles per liter (mmol/L). A healthy fasting blood glucose level (before breakfast and after no food intake for at least eight hours) should fall between 70 and 100 mg/dL (3.9 to 5.6 mmol/L).
The hormone insulin, produced by the pancreas, signals cells to absorb glucose from the bloodstream for use or storage. After a meal, blood glucose naturally rises as carbohydrates are digested. The pancreas releases insulin to manage this increase, causing levels to peak and then return toward the normal range within two hours. A healthy blood sugar level measured two hours after the start of a meal should be less than 140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L).
Understanding Hyperglycemia
Hyperglycemia describes a state where blood sugar levels are elevated above the healthy target range, meaning the body is not effectively moving glucose out of the bloodstream. The most frequent cause of sustained high blood sugar in children is the onset of Type 1 Diabetes (T1D), an autoimmune condition where the pancreas stops producing insulin. Without insulin, glucose accumulates in the blood because it cannot enter the cells. Symptoms often include polyuria (frequent urination) and polydipsia (excessive thirst) as the kidneys attempt to flush out the surplus glucose. Unexplained weight loss and fatigue are also common, as the body breaks down fat and muscle for energy since it cannot access blood glucose.
When blood sugar remains severely high, the body converts fat into acidic substances called ketones, leading to Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA). Symptoms of DKA include a fruity odor on the breath, stomach pain, nausea, and vomiting. DKA is a medical emergency that requires immediate attention and is often the first sign of Type 1 Diabetes in children.
Recognizing Hypoglycemia
Hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar, occurs when blood glucose drops below the safe threshold, typically below 70 mg/dL (3.9 mmol/L) for those managing diabetes. For non-diabetic children, this level is lower, often considered below 55 mg/dL (3.1 mmol/L). Although most common in children receiving insulin therapy, it can occur in others after intense exercise without proper fuel or extended periods without food. Since the brain relies heavily on glucose, a drop in blood sugar quickly manifests in physical and behavioral changes. Common symptoms include feeling shaky, sweating, dizziness, and a fast heart rate. If levels continue to fall, the child may appear confused, irritable, or clumsy, indicating the brain is deprived of energy.
Immediate action is needed to correct hypoglycemia, typically by administering a fast-acting carbohydrate source. A standard treatment for mild to moderate lows is the “15-15 rule.” This involves consuming 15 grams of simple carbohydrates, such as a half-cup of juice or three to four glucose tablets. After waiting 15 minutes, the child’s blood sugar should be rechecked, and the 15-gram treatment is repeated if the level remains low.
Lifestyle Factors Influencing Glucose
Parents can support a child’s natural glucose regulation by focusing on consistent, health-promoting lifestyle habits. Balanced nutrition plays a significant role, as carbohydrates are the direct source of blood glucose. Prioritizing complex carbohydrates, such as whole grains and vegetables, over simple sugars helps prevent sharp spikes and subsequent crashes. Establishing regular meal and snack times provides a steady, predictable supply of glucose and avoids long stretches of fasting. Including protein and healthy fats with meals slows the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, leading to a more gradual release of glucose.
Consistent physical activity, such as the recommended minimum of one hour of moderate to vigorous play daily, naturally helps to lower blood sugar. Exercise improves the body’s sensitivity to insulin because muscle cells use more glucose, clearing it from the bloodstream. Managing other factors, like stress and illness, is also important, as the hormones released during these times can temporarily raise blood sugar levels.