The instantaneous pain and temporary incapacitation caused by pepper spray, also known as Oleoresin Capsicum (OC) spray, stem from its active ingredient, capsaicin. This chemical compound is derived from chili peppers and is highly concentrated in OC formulas, designed to act as a powerful inflammatory agent. When the oil-based substance contacts the sensitive mucous membranes of the eye, it binds to pain receptors, triggering an overwhelming burning sensation and involuntary eye closure (blepharospasm). The reaction is immediate, often resulting in temporary blindness and profuse tearing as the body attempts to flush out the irritant. Immediate action is required to minimize discomfort and the potential for secondary injury.
Immediate Steps for Eye Decontamination
The priority following exposure is to flush the eyes immediately and continuously with a copious amount of cool, clean water or a sterile saline solution. The oil-based nature of the capsaicin means that simply splashing the face will not be enough to remove the residue. The eyes should be irrigated for a minimum of 15 minutes to physically wash away the irritant and dilute the remaining chemical concentration. While flushing, resist the natural instinct to rub or scrub the eyes or the surrounding skin, as this action can spread the capsaicin oil and increase the risk of corneal abrasions.
If you wear contact lenses, they must be removed as quickly as possible, ideally while the eye is being flushed, and then immediately discarded. The lenses can absorb and trap the capsaicin. Tilt the head so that the water stream flows from the inner corner of the affected eye outward, ensuring the contaminated runoff does not cross the bridge of the nose and expose the unaffected eye. Rapid, deliberate blinking during the irrigation process can also help stimulate tear production and assist in floating the irritant particles out of the eye.
Once the initial eye flush is complete, remove all contaminated clothing, including glasses, hats, or jewelry, to prevent re-contamination. If the clothing must be removed over the head, it is safer to cut it off to avoid dragging the capsaicin residue across the face. Seeking fresh air is helpful because the spray particles can linger, continuing to irritate the respiratory tract and the exposed skin.
Managing Pain and Other Symptoms
After the initial, thorough flushing is complete, the focus shifts to managing the residual burning, inflammation, and discomfort on the skin. The intense effects of pepper spray typically begin to subside within 30 to 60 minutes after exposure and decontamination. To soothe the lingering burning sensation on the facial skin, using a fan to direct cool air onto the face can provide relief. Applying a cool, wet compress to the closed eyes and surrounding areas can also help reduce the inflammation and pain.
The oil-based nature of the oleoresin capsicum means that water alone may not fully remove the residue from the skin, which is why a mild soap is recommended for the face and hair. Gently wash the surrounding facial skin with a non-irritating, oil-free cleanser, such as baby shampoo or mild dish soap, to help break down the capsaicin oil. Care must be taken to avoid getting any soap directly into the eyes, which could cause further irritation.
Avoid applying any lotions, creams, or oil-based products to the affected skin, as these substances can trap the capsaicin oil and prolong the burning sensation. Until the symptoms have fully resolved, rest the eyes and avoid bright light, as photophobia (sensitivity to light) is a common temporary effect. Continued rapid blinking and the use of over-the-counter saline drops can assist in clearing any final particles from the eye surface.
When Emergency Medical Care Is Necessary
While most symptoms from pepper spray exposure resolve spontaneously with diligent decontamination, professional medical evaluation is sometimes necessary. If intense eye pain, severe redness, or impaired vision persists for several hours after the 15-minute irrigation, immediate medical attention is required. Persistent symptoms may suggest a more serious issue, such as a corneal abrasion, which can occur when rubbing the eye.
Seek immediate medical attention for:
- Severe or worsening breathing difficulty, wheezing, or chest tightness, particularly for individuals with pre-existing conditions like asthma or COPD.
- Signs of a chemical burn on the skin, such as blistering or unresolving, intense redness.
- Symptoms that last longer than 24 hours.