A wasp sting involves the injection of venom, which triggers an immediate localized reaction. This venom rapidly causes sharp pain and burning at the injection site. Following the initial pain, the body’s immune response releases chemicals like histamine, resulting in common symptoms such as redness, localized swelling, and itching. While most reactions are mild, prompt action can significantly reduce discomfort and minimize the duration of these symptoms.
Initial Steps After a Wasp Sting
Unlike a honeybee, a wasp has a smooth stinger and can sting multiple times. If a stinger is visible, remove it quickly to prevent further venom delivery. Scrape the stinger away using the edge of a credit card or a fingernail, avoiding tweezers, which can squeeze the venom sac and inject more venom into the wound.
After removing any visible stinger, gently clean the affected area. Washing the site thoroughly with soap and water removes residual venom and minimizes the risk of a secondary bacterial infection. Remaining calm is important, as rapid movement can increase blood flow, potentially leading to a faster spread of the localized venom.
Topical Relief Applications
The immediate application of cold is an effective treatment to mitigate discomfort and swelling. Apply a cold compress or an ice pack wrapped in a cloth directly to the sting site. The reduced temperature constricts blood vessels, slowing the flow of inflammatory mediators and numbing the pain sensation.
Many common household items can create a soothing topical paste. A mixture of baking soda and water creates an alkaline paste that can be dabbed onto the site. While the paste may not neutralize the venom, it provides relief from burning and itching. Leave the paste on the skin for several minutes before gently rinsing it away.
Over-the-counter creams offer targeted relief for persistent itching and swelling. Applying a 0.5% or 1% hydrocortisone cream helps reduce the inflammatory response and alleviate itching. Calamine lotion is another option that helps dry weeping sores and provides a cooling effect. Apply these topical agents a few times daily until symptoms resolve.
Managing Systemic Pain and Inflammation
Oral medications can help manage the body’s broader reaction to the venom. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen, control both pain and the inflammatory response. These medications inhibit enzymes that produce compounds promoting pain and swelling. Taking an oral pain reliever soon after the sting can manage discomfort as the localized reaction develops.
Oral antihistamines, such as diphenhydramine, cetirizine, or loratadine, reduce widespread itching and swelling. These medications block the action of histamine, the chemical responsible for allergic-like symptoms, including itchiness. While topical creams address the surface, a systemic antihistamine works internally to lessen the overall response.
If the sting is on an arm or leg, elevating the affected limb above the heart can help reduce swelling. Gravity assists in draining excess fluid that accumulates at the sting site due to inflammation. This supportive measure, combined with oral and topical treatments, contributes to a faster resolution of symptoms.
When to Seek Emergency Medical Help
While most wasp stings cause only localized discomfort, certain signs indicate a severe, life-threatening allergic reaction called anaphylaxis. Immediate medical attention is required if symptoms appear quickly and spread beyond the sting site. Watch for trouble breathing, wheezing, or tightness in the throat, as these indicate airway swelling.
Other severe warning signs include dizziness, fainting, a rapid or weak pulse, or widespread hives away from the sting location. Stings inside the mouth or throat are medical emergencies, as swelling can rapidly obstruct the airway. Additionally, a person who has received multiple stings (ten or more) should seek medical evaluation due to the higher volume of venom injected.