The loss of appetite, medically known as anorexia, is a common symptom experienced by individuals with COVID-19. This diminished desire to eat can significantly affect recovery, as the body requires adequate nutrition to fight the infection and repair itself. This reduced appetite is a complex physiological response that affects both the acute illness phase and the longer recovery period.
Why COVID-19 Affects Hunger Signals
The suppression of hunger signals during a COVID-19 infection is a direct consequence of the body’s aggressive immune response. When the SARS-CoV-2 virus enters the body, it triggers the release of inflammatory signaling molecules called cytokines. Elevated levels of these pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as Interleukin-6 (IL-6), are thought to act on the hypothalamus, the brain region that regulates appetite, effectively suppressing the desire to eat.
This systemic inflammation is compounded by other common symptoms, including profound fatigue, which makes the physical act of preparing and consuming food exhausting. Furthermore, COVID-19 often targets the senses of smell (anosmia) and taste (dysgeusia or ageusia), removing the hedonic value of eating. Gastrointestinal issues like nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea also occur in some cases, further contributing to a reduced appetite and difficulty with nutrient absorption.
Expected Recovery Timelines
The duration of appetite loss following a COVID-19 infection varies significantly among individuals, depending on the severity of the illness. In many mild cases, a reduced appetite begins to resolve shortly after other acute symptoms subside, often within one to three weeks post-infection. As the body clears the virus and systemic inflammation decreases, the cytokine-induced suppression of the appetite-regulating centers in the brain naturally lifts.
However, appetite changes can persist for longer periods, particularly in cases of long-haul COVID. Appetite loss may linger beyond four weeks, often intertwined with ongoing issues like chronic fatigue or persistent chemosensory dysfunction. The recovery of taste and smell can be gradual and non-linear, sometimes involving distortions like parosmia (distorted smell) or phantosmia (phantom smells), which continue to make food unpleasant.
Practical Strategies for Stimulating Appetite
When struggling with a reduced appetite, a shift in eating strategy can help ensure adequate nutrient intake for recovery. Instead of attempting three large meals, consuming small, frequent meals or snacks throughout the day, perhaps every two to three hours, is often more manageable. This approach prevents the feeling of being overwhelmed by large portions and helps maintain a steady energy supply.
Prioritizing calorie-dense and protein-rich foods is important to combat muscle loss and support immune function. Foods high in protein, such as nuts, full-fat dairy, cheese, or protein shakes, can be incorporated easily, even when the appetite is low. For individuals with compromised taste or smell, focusing on appealing textures and temperatures, such as cold foods or those with a satisfying crunch, can make eating more tolerable. Maintaining hydration is also important, so nutrient-rich liquids like smoothies, soups, or broths can serve as a valuable source of both calories and fluids.
When Appetite Loss Requires Medical Attention
While a temporary loss of appetite is common following COVID-19, certain signs indicate the need for professional medical evaluation. A healthcare provider should be consulted if the appetite loss leads to significant, unintentional weight loss, typically defined as losing 5 to 10% of body weight.
Other concerning indicators include signs of malnutrition, such as clothes or jewelry becoming noticeably loose, or a lack of interest in food that persists for several months. If the reduced appetite is accompanied by symptoms of severe dehydration, vomiting, or diarrhea that cannot be managed at home, immediate medical advice is necessary. Consulting a doctor or a registered dietitian is important if you are struggling to eat enough, as they can assess for malnutrition and may recommend specialized nutritional supplements.