Africanized bees, often called “killer bees,” are known for their defensive nature. Understanding these insects is important for safe coexistence where they are present. Their spread across the Americas prompts awareness and practical safety measures.
Understanding Their Spread
Africanized bees originated in Brazil in the late 1950s. In 1956, scientist Warwick Kerr introduced African honey bees (Apis mellifera scutellata) to improve honey production. An accidental release of 26 swarms in 1957 initiated their northward migration across the Americas.
These hybrid bees, resulting from crossbreeding with European honey bees, adapted well to various climates. Their aggressive colonization and frequent swarming allowed them to rapidly spread through South and Central America, eventually reaching North America. This expansion is driven by their genetic dominance and competitive edge over European bee populations.
Current Geographic Presence
Africanized bees are widespread, with established populations primarily in the southern and southwestern United States. These states include Texas, Arizona, New Mexico, California, Nevada, Florida, Louisiana, Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Utah.
Their presence has also been detected in parts of Georgia, Mississippi, and North Carolina. Their distribution is dynamic, with northward movement influenced by climate change and their adaptability to warmer temperatures. However, colder northern climates generally limit permanent establishment.
Recognizing Africanized Bees
Distinguishing Africanized bees from European honey bees presents a challenge, as they appear visually similar. Definitive identification requires laboratory analysis, such as morphometric measurements or genetic testing. Therefore, recognition primarily relies on observing their distinct behavioral characteristics.
Africanized bees exhibit heightened defensiveness, responding more quickly and in larger numbers to perceived threats than European bees. They pursue intruders for longer distances, sometimes up to a quarter-mile. These bees are also prone to frequent swarming and will readily abandon nests if disturbed, a behavior known as absconding.
Safe Practices Around Africanized Bees
Personal safety requires caution and preventative measures in areas with Africanized bees. Avoid disturbing nests by inspecting outdoor spaces like sheds, hollow trees, and water meter boxes before activities. Wearing light-colored clothing and refraining from strong perfumes or colognes can also help, as bees are attracted to dark colors and certain scents.
If defensive bees are encountered, run away quickly and in a straight line. Protect your face and head with arms or clothing to shield sensitive areas from stings. Seek immediate shelter in an enclosed vehicle or building. Do not swat at the bees or jump into water, as they may wait for emergence.
If stung, prompt action minimizes venom absorption. Scrape the stinger out immediately with a fingernail or credit card, rather than pinching it. Wash the affected area with soap and water, then apply a cold compress or ice pack to reduce pain and swelling. Individuals with known allergies or those who receive numerous stings should seek medical attention without delay.