Georgia is home to a robust and expanding population of black bears (Ursus americanus). Their presence is not uniform across the state but concentrated in distinct areas that provide the necessary habitat and food resources for survival. Understanding their distribution is important for environmental conservation and helps residents and visitors minimize human-wildlife conflicts.
The Black Bear in Georgia
The American Black Bear is the only species of bear found in Georgia. Historically, habitat loss and unregulated hunting caused a serious population decline, but sound wildlife management has led to a successful recovery. Current estimates place the statewide population at approximately 5,100 animals, a number that continues to grow. This expansion means bears are increasingly sighted outside their traditional ranges as younger males seek new territories. These omnivorous mammals are highly adaptable, with a diet that shifts seasonally to include plants, insects, berries, and nuts. Males can weigh over 500 pounds, while females typically reach 300 pounds. They are capable of climbing trees and running up to 30 miles per hour, and their poor eyesight is offset by an exceptional sense of smell used to locate food sources.
Defining the Three Core Habitats
Black bears exist in three distinct and often isolated population centers, each supported by unique environmental features. The largest and most dense population is found in the mountainous region of North Georgia, associated with the Appalachian Mountains. This area, including the Chattahoochee National Forest, provides the high-elevation, mature hardwood-pine forests they favor for food and secure den sites. Further south, a smaller, genetically isolated group exists along the Ocmulgee River drainage system in Central Georgia. This population is concentrated around forested lands bordering the Ocmulgee River, including Wildlife Management Areas like Oaky Woods. Researchers estimate this small population at approximately 300 individuals, and its isolation presents unique management challenges. The third population center is located in the southeastern part of the state, centered on the vast Okefenokee Swamp and its surrounding coastal plain. This unique wetland environment provides dense cover and a reliable food supply for an estimated 800 bears.
Essential Safety Guidelines
Coexistence with black bears requires modifying human behavior to eliminate readily available food sources, which are the primary cause of human-bear conflicts. Securing household garbage is paramount; use bear-resistant containers or store trash inside an enclosed building until collection day. Non-natural attractants like bird feeders and outdoor pet food should be removed or brought inside, especially when natural food sources are scarce.
Proper campsite management is equally important. This includes cleaning grills after use and never storing food, toiletries, or cooking clothes inside a tent. Backpackers and campers should store food in an approved bear-resistant container or suspend it at least 10 feet above the ground and 10 feet away from any tree trunk. A bear that finds food near people quickly learns to approach homes and campsites, which is detrimental to its long-term survival.
If a bear encounter occurs, remain calm and never run, as this may trigger a predatory response.
Encounter Protocol
- Make your presence known by speaking in a firm voice.
- Clap your hands and make yourself appear as large as possible by waving your arms.
- Slowly back away from the animal while keeping it in sight, ensuring the bear has an escape route.
- If the bear approaches or acts aggressively, stand your ground and fight back with any available object, aiming for the bear’s face and muzzle.