Elk, once extirpated from Tennessee, have made a notable return to the state’s wild landscapes. Their reintroduction allows these majestic animals to roam parts of their historic range, offering viewing opportunities for residents and visitors. Understanding where these animals live and how to observe them responsibly ensures their continued presence and the safety of both humans and elk.
The Return of Elk to Tennessee
Elk were historically abundant across Tennessee before European settlement led to their decline and extirpation. Extensive hunting and significant habitat changes, including the conversion of grasslands to farms, resulted in their disappearance from the state. The last recorded native elk in Tennessee was harvested in Obion County in 1865.
The Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency (TWRA) initiated an elk restoration project in the late 1990s. The program aimed to reestablish a self-sustaining elk population within suitable habitats. The first release of elk occurred on December 19, 2000.
The initial elk were sourced primarily from Elk Island National Park in Alberta, Canada, with later additions from Land Between the Lakes. Over eight years, a total of 201 elk, specifically the Manitoban subspecies (Cervus elaphus manitobensis), were released into the designated restoration zone. This subspecies was chosen due to its close relation to the extinct eastern elk (Cervus elaphus canadensis) and the Canadian herd’s rigorous disease monitoring. The TWRA partnered with organizations like the Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation and the Tennessee Wildlife Federation.
Key Elk Habitats in Tennessee
Elk in Tennessee are concentrated within the North Cumberland Wildlife Management Area (NCWMA), the core of the state’s elk restoration zone. This expansive area spans parts of Anderson, Campbell, Claiborne, Morgan, and Scott counties, covering approximately 670,000 acres of public land. The NCWMA, formerly known as Royal Blue Wildlife Management Area, was selected for its large tracts of public land and minimal agricultural presence, providing ample space for elk to thrive.
Within this habitat, elk favor a mosaic of open fields, clearings, and forested mountains. They often utilize areas with abundant forage, including native warm-season grasses and various shrubs. This preference for open spaces within a forested landscape allows them access to both food sources and cover. The Tennessee restoration zone also borders Kentucky’s successful elk reintroduction area, leading to some natural movement of elk between the two states.
A notable location for observing elk within the NCWMA is the Hatfield Knob Elk Viewing Tower in Campbell County. This site was developed to enhance public viewing opportunities through habitat management efforts, including removing trees and creating observation points. The strategic placement of such viewing areas helps manage human-wildlife interactions and provides consistent access for observers.
Responsible Elk Viewing
Observing elk in their natural habitat requires responsible viewing practices for visitor safety and animal welfare. The best times for viewing elk are typically during the early morning hours shortly after sunrise and late afternoon leading up to sunset. During these periods, elk are most active as they move to and from feeding areas.
The fall season, particularly from late August into October, offers a chance to witness the elk rut. During this mating season, bull elk become more vocal, bugling to attract cows and challenge rival males. Maintaining a respectful distance is especially important during this time. Binoculars or a spotting scope are recommended to get a closer look without disturbing the animals.
When viewing elk, maintain a safe and respectful distance, generally at least 50 yards, to avoid stressing the animals. Approaching elk, particularly calves or bulls during the rut, can be dangerous and should be avoided. Always stay on designated trails or viewing areas and never attempt to feed elk or any other wildlife. Respect private property boundaries and adhere to all Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency (TWRA) regulations.