Tarantulas are large, often hairy spiders belonging to the family Theraphosidae. With over 1,100 identified species, this family is among the most diverse and widespread of all spiders. Their imposing size has captured human curiosity, but their native distribution is far more extensive than many realize. Understanding where tarantulas naturally occur requires exploring the specific climates and biomes they have adapted to across the globe.
Global Scope of Distribution
The native range of tarantulas is vast, encompassing a global distribution that excludes only Antarctica. These spiders are primarily concentrated in tropical and subtropical regions, though they extend into warmer temperate zones. The family is broadly categorized into two geographical groups: New World species (the Americas) and Old World species (the Eastern Hemisphere). Their habitats are diverse, including dense tropical rainforests, high-altitude mountains, and arid scrublands.
American Diversity and Range
The Americas, often called the New World, represent the epicenter of tarantula diversity, hosting the greatest number of species. Their range extends from the southern United States down through Central America and across South America.
United States Range
In the United States, native populations are concentrated in the Southwest. Species of the genus Aphonopelma are found in states like Arizona, Texas, New Mexico, and California, suited to arid grasslands and desert scrub environments.
Central and South America
Southward, diversity increases across Mexico, which is recognized as the second most species-rich country globally. The range continues through Central America’s tropical zones and into South America, where the largest species are found. Countries like Brazil, Chile, and Argentina host numerous genera, including the Goliath Birdeater (Theraphosa blondi) in the northern rainforests. This New World group exhibits adaptations to diverse biomes, ranging from dry, burrowing types to arboreal, tree-dwelling species.
Old World Habitats
Tarantulas are native to the Eastern Hemisphere, inhabiting fragmented pockets of land across Africa, Asia, and Southern Europe.
Africa
The African continent is home to “Baboon spiders,” such as Pterinochilus murinus, prevalent across central, eastern, and southern regions. These species often occupy drier, more open environments, contrasting with the dense habitats favored by many New World species.
Asia and Europe
Asia contains a rich diversity, particularly in India and Southeast Asia. Asian tarantulas are found in the tropical rainforests of countries such as China, Vietnam, Myanmar, and Thailand. The distribution is most limited in Europe, confined only to the Mediterranean regions, including parts of Spain, southern Italy, and Turkey. These European species represent the northernmost extent of the tarantula’s natural global range.