Rats, specifically those in the genus Rattus, have adapted to thrive in nearly every environment globally. They seek out locations that consistently provide shelter, water, and an accessible food supply. Their success in diverse ecosystems, from urban cores to natural landscapes, stems from their ability to modify their behavior and dwelling construction to match the surroundings.
Defining the Major Habitats by Species
Rat habitats are primarily distinguished by species, particularly the Norway Rat (Rattus norvegicus) and the Roof Rat (Rattus rattus). The Norway rat is predominantly terrestrial, preferring to live at ground level and burrowing into the soil. This species is commonly associated with damp environments like basements, lower building floors, and sewer systems. In contrast, the Roof rat is an arboreal species, exhibiting a preference for height and elevated structures. Their agility allows them to exploit vertical spaces, seeking out dry, high nesting sites.
Urban Structures and Hidden Shelters
In urban areas, rats utilize structures that offer seclusion and access to resources. Norway rats frequently inhabit the lowest levels of buildings and underground infrastructure, including basements, crawl spaces, sewer systems, and storm drains. They also settle in wall voids and under slabs, using utility penetrations as entry points. Roof rats gravitate toward the upper sections of buildings, using branches and utility lines to access high entry points. They establish nests in elevated locations such as attics, rafters, and false ceilings. The primary factor for choosing any urban location is the proximity to a consistent source of discarded food and water.
Non-Urban and Natural Environments
Rats thrive outside of dense city centers, utilizing natural features and agricultural settings. Norway rats are frequently found near riverbanks and waterfronts, where soft soil allows for easy burrow construction. They also proliferate in rural environments, establishing themselves in barns, sheds, and grain storage facilities. Roof rats commonly build their nests in trees, such as palms and citrus trees, or utilize thick vegetation like shrubs and dense vines for cover and nesting sites.
The Architecture of Rat Homes
The dwelling a rat constructs is either a complex burrow system or a hidden nest, depending on the species and environment. Norway rats are accomplished diggers, creating intricate burrows that serve as shelter and a nursery. These underground homes typically feature an entrance two to four inches wide, leading to a network of tunnels and multiple chambers for nesting and food storage. Roof rats construct woven nests of soft, shredded materials, scavenging items like paper, cloth, and plant debris. These loose, concealed structures are often hidden within attic insulation or behind wall panels.