Excessive tearing, medically known as epiphora, is a common and often frustrating symptom that accompanies the common cold. This annoying side effect occurs because the body’s tear drainage system becomes temporarily overwhelmed. Understanding this biological process helps explain why your eyes seem to be leaking whenever you have nasal congestion.
The Biological Mechanism of Tearing
Tears are continuously produced by the lacrimal glands, located above the outer corner of each eye. These tears lubricate the eye’s surface and wash away minor irritants. After performing their function, the tears drain through a specific system that connects the eye to the nasal cavity. This drainage begins at two tiny openings, called puncta, located in the inner corner of the upper and lower eyelids.
From the puncta, the tears enter small tubes called canaliculi, which lead to the nasolacrimal duct. This duct empties directly into the back of the nose, which is why crying often causes a runny nose. When a cold causes inflammation, the mucous membranes lining the nasal passages become swollen with excess fluid and mucus.
This internal swelling physically compresses the nasolacrimal duct, creating a temporary blockage. With the drainage pathway obstructed, tears cannot flow down into the nasal cavity as they normally would. The tears then back up and spill over the eyelid, leading to the watery eyes you experience during a cold.
Distinguishing Simple Watering from Other Issues
The tearing associated with a common cold is typically a clear, watery discharge that often affects both eyes simultaneously. This symptom occurs as part of the overall congestion and should resolve naturally as the cold symptoms improve. It is important to know the difference between this mechanical watering and symptoms that may indicate a separate eye infection.
A thick, colored discharge, such as yellow or greenish pus, suggests a bacterial infection, like bacterial conjunctivitis. This type of infection is often stickier than simple tearing. It may also be more likely to affect only one eye initially and can cause the eyelids to stick together, especially upon waking.
Viral conjunctivitis, sometimes called an “eye cold,” can occur alongside a respiratory infection and also causes a watery discharge. However, viral conjunctivitis often includes distinct symptoms like a gritty feeling in the eye, noticeable redness, or significant crusting around the eyelids. If your primary symptom is clear, excessive watering alongside nasal congestion, it is most likely the mechanical blockage from your cold.
Immediate Relief and Management
Managing cold-related watery eyes focuses on comforting the area and promoting drainage. Apply a clean, warm compress to the area around the eyes and nose. The gentle warmth can help soothe irritation and may also help reduce some of the swelling in the congested nasal passages, easing the pressure on the tear ducts.
It is helpful to ensure you are staying well-hydrated by drinking plenty of fluids. This can help thin out the mucus in your nasal passages, potentially making it easier for the tear duct to drain. When wiping away excess tears, use a clean tissue and blot gently.
Avoid the temptation to rub your eyes, as this action increases irritation and can introduce bacteria, which could lead to a secondary infection. You can also try carefully massaging the area near the inner corner of your eye, next to your nose, which may encourage the stagnant fluid to drain. Maintaining good hygiene by frequently washing your hands is also important.
When to Seek Medical Attention
While watery eyes from a cold are usually temporary and harmless, certain symptoms require a healthcare professional’s evaluation. You should contact a doctor if you experience a sharp, throbbing pain in or around the eye. Any sudden change in your vision, such as blurriness that does not clear when you blink, also warrants immediate attention.
Extreme sensitivity to light, known as photophobia, is another sign that the issue may be more significant than simple cold-related watering. Medical intervention is necessary if the discharge is consistently thick, yellow, or green, as this strongly suggests a bacterial infection requiring treatment. If the tearing persists for more than 10 to 14 days after your cold symptoms have otherwise disappeared, consult a professional to check for a prolonged blockage or other underlying issue.