Vertical splitting of the fingernails, which causes the nail plate to weaken and break, is medically termed onychorrhexis. This condition indicates a disruption in keratin production or damage to the nail’s structure. It signals that something is affecting the health of the nail matrix, the area beneath the cuticle where the nail grows. Understanding the reasons behind this splitting is key to restoring nail strength. This article explores the appearance of onychorrhexis, its contributing factors, and guidance on remedies and professional care.
What Vertical Nail Splitting Looks Like
Vertical nail splitting (onychorrhexis) presents as longitudinal ridges or grooves that run parallel from the cuticle to the nail tip. These deep grooves make the nail plate susceptible to splitting cleanly along these lines, often resulting in painful tears. This condition is distinct from simple vertical ridges, which are minor, non-splitting grooves that become more noticeable with age. Onychoschizia is horizontal splitting or peeling of the nail layers at the tip, typically indicating dryness or trauma.
Common External and Internal Causes
The causes of vertical nail splitting separate into external environmental factors and internal systemic issues. External causes relate to repeated exposure to moisture and harsh chemicals, which strip the natural oils from the nail. Constant wetting and drying of the hands, such as from frequent dishwashing without gloves, causes the keratin layers to swell and contract, leading to brittleness and splitting.
Harsh chemicals like acetone in nail polish remover or strong household detergents directly damage the protein structure, weakening the nail over time. Physical trauma, such as aggressive filing or impact to the nail matrix, can also permanently impair the nail’s growth pattern, resulting in a persistent vertical split. Furthermore, the natural aging process causes moisture loss and decreased oil production, making the nails thinner and more prone to onychorrhexis.
Internal factors often point toward nutritional deficiencies or underlying health conditions that interfere with proper nail growth. Insufficient iron intake can lead to iron-deficiency anemia, a condition known to cause brittle and split nails. Similarly, low levels of B vitamins, particularly biotin, or zinc can negatively impact keratin synthesis, leading to a weaker nail structure.
Systemic conditions like hypothyroidism, which slows the body’s metabolism, can result in dry, brittle nails prone to splitting and ridging. Inflammatory skin conditions such as psoriasis or lichen planus may also affect the nail matrix, causing the nail plate to grow with structural defects. If the splitting is widespread or accompanied by other symptoms, investigation into these internal health issues is necessary.
At-Home Care and Prevention
Implementing consistent protective and moisturizing habits is the most effective way to manage and prevent vertical nail splitting. Deep moisturizing is paramount; dry nails are brittle. Use thick hand creams or oils rich in ingredients like petroleum jelly or urea several times daily to restore flexibility. Applying a moisturizer immediately after washing hands helps trap water in the nail plate.
Protection from external irritants involves wearing gloves, preferably vinyl-lined or cotton beneath rubber gloves, when performing wet tasks like cleaning or gardening. Avoid prolonged water exposure and minimize the use of harsh nail products, especially highly dehydrating acetone-based removers. When filing, use a fine-grit emery board and file gently in one direction only to prevent fraying.
Maintaining a balanced diet that supports keratin production strengthens nails from the inside out. Ensure adequate intake of protein, the building block of keratin, and consume foods rich in B vitamins, zinc, and iron to support healthy nail growth. While supplements like biotin are popular, focus on overall nutrition and hydration, as drinking sufficient water contributes to the nail’s moisture content.
When to Consult a Dermatologist
Self-care measures are often effective, but certain signs indicate the need for a professional medical evaluation by a dermatologist. Seek consultation if the vertical splitting is accompanied by concerning symptoms such as pain, swelling, persistent redness, or discharge around the nail. These symptoms may suggest an underlying infection or inflammatory disorder requiring prescription treatment.
A medical assessment is also warranted if the splitting persists or worsens despite several months of consistent at-home care and prevention efforts. The dermatologist may perform a physical examination and order blood tests to rule out systemic causes like thyroid dysfunction or nutritional deficiencies that cannot be diagnosed at home. Early diagnosis allows for targeted medical treatment necessary to resolve the nail issue.