The common cold, or viral rhinitis, is an infection of the upper respiratory tract caused by various viruses, such as rhinoviruses or adenoviruses. While nasal congestion and sore throat are the most recognized signs, a burning, watery, or irritated sensation in the eyes is a common co-occurring symptom. This ocular discomfort is a direct consequence of the body’s inflammatory response to the viral invader.
The Anatomical Link: How Colds Affect the Eyes
The discomfort in your eyes is largely due to the shared plumbing that connects your eyes and nose. The nasolacrimal duct, often called the tear duct, is a small channel that begins in the inner corner of the eye and drains excess tears and fluid directly into the nasal cavity. When a cold causes inflammation and swelling in the nasal passages, this duct can become temporarily blocked or narrowed.
This obstruction prevents the normal drainage of tears from the eye’s surface into the nose, causing tears to back up, leading to watery eyes and a feeling of irritation. The generalized systemic immune response to the virus also plays a role, triggering widespread inflammation that can affect the mucous membranes lining the eye’s surface, known as the conjunctiva. This inflammation can make the eyes feel gritty and sensitive, contributing to the burning sensation.
The Sensation: Dryness, Irritation, and Secondary Infections
The burning sensation experienced during a cold often stems from a combination of irritation and altered tear film quality. Frequent sneezing and nose-blowing can disrupt the protective tear layer on the eye’s surface, leading to increased exposure and dryness, which is felt as burning or grittiness. Furthermore, the act of frequently touching or rubbing the eyes to wipe away tears or discharge can introduce the cold virus directly to the eye’s surface.
When the cold virus, such as an adenovirus, infects the eye itself, it can lead to viral conjunctivitis, sometimes called “pink eye.” This condition is characterized by redness, a gritty feeling, and excessive, watery discharge. Bacterial conjunctivitis typically presents with a thicker, often yellow or greenish discharge and crusting, especially upon waking. Cold-related viral irritation usually involves watery discharge and mild burning, whereas a bacterial infection indicates a secondary issue.
Soothing the Discomfort and Knowing When to Worry
For typical cold-related eye burning and irritation, several measures can help soothe the discomfort. Applying a clean, warm compress over closed eyes for a few minutes can help relieve swelling and pressure around the eye area. Over-the-counter lubricating eye drops, often referred to as artificial tears, can temporarily restore moisture and flush out irritants from the eye’s surface. It is helpful to select preservative-free options if you plan to use them frequently throughout the day.
Practicing meticulous hand hygiene helps avoid spreading the virus from your respiratory tract to your eyes. You should avoid touching or rubbing your eyes while sick to prevent a secondary infection. While most cold-related eye symptoms resolve as the cold runs its course, seek professional medical advice if you experience severe eye pain, any sudden change in vision, or a thick, persistent yellow or green discharge.