When a parent is battling an illness such as a cold, the flu, or another infection, a temporary dip in breastmilk supply is a common physical reaction. This change is typically a short-lived consequence of the body focusing its resources on recovery. Understanding the specific biological mechanisms at play and implementing supportive measures can help mitigate the effects of this temporary reduction.
Physiological Reasons for Supply Reduction
The primary factor contributing to a supply reduction during illness is often dehydration, especially when accompanied by a fever, vomiting, or diarrhea. Milk is largely composed of water, and significant fluid loss can quickly reduce the circulating blood volume available for milk synthesis in the mammary glands. The body prioritizes maintaining hydration for its own survival functions, drawing resources away from non-essential processes like high-volume milk production.
Illness also triggers a robust immune response that involves a hormonal shift. When fighting an infection, the body releases inflammatory molecules called cytokines. These cytokines can temporarily suppress the release of prolactin, the hormone responsible for signaling the mammary glands to produce milk. Since prolactin is the main driver of milk synthesis, even a slight suppression can translate into a measurable decrease in output.
Fighting an infection is metabolically demanding, requiring a large amount of energy. The body redirects its energy reserves and caloric intake toward healing and immune function rather than milk synthesis. This energy depletion, coupled with fatigue, lack of appetite, and stress, places a significant strain on the body. Milk production becomes a lower priority compared to overcoming the illness, leading to a temporary reduction in supply until recovery begins.
Immediate Strategies for Maintaining Production
The most effective strategy to manage milk supply while ill is to maintain frequent and thorough milk removal, even if the output is low. Since breastmilk production operates on a supply-and-demand feedback loop, increasing the frequency of nursing or pumping sessions signals the body to continue synthesis. Aiming for 8 to 12 milk removal sessions over 24 hours helps keep the production signal strong and prevents the breasts from becoming overly full.
To maximize milk removal efficiency, particularly during pumping, parents can utilize hands-on techniques such as breast massage and compression. These methods help ensure the ducts are fully emptied, which is a crucial signal for maintaining future supply. Prioritizing rest is also important, as deep fatigue can inhibit the release of oxytocin, the hormone responsible for the milk ejection reflex, or “let-down.” Increasing fluid intake, especially water or electrolyte-rich beverages, and consuming nutrient-dense foods supports the body’s recovery and provides the necessary building blocks for milk production.
Medication Impact on Milk Synthesis
Certain over-the-counter medications used to treat cold and flu symptoms can inadvertently interfere with milk supply. The most recognized culprits are decongestants containing pseudoephedrine, such as those found in some cold and sinus medications. Pseudoephedrine acts as a vasoconstrictor, which can reduce blood flow and interfere with prolactin levels, leading to a noticeable drop in milk volume. One study found that a single 60 mg dose of pseudoephedrine reduced milk production by an average of 24% over 24 hours.
Some antihistamines, particularly first-generation types like diphenhydramine, can also reduce milk supply. These medications are sometimes linked to a decrease in serum prolactin levels, which may affect milk production. Topical decongestants, such as nasal sprays containing oxymetazoline, are preferred because they act locally and are less likely to impact systemic prolactin levels or overall milk volume. Before taking any medication, consulting a healthcare provider or pharmacist is important to choose an option that minimizes the risk of supply reduction.
Post-Illness Recovery and Red Flags
For most parents, the milk supply begins to rebound quickly once the acute phase of the illness has passed and energy levels improve. Provided that frequent milk removal has been maintained throughout the illness, a return to the normal supply level can typically be seen within 24 to 72 hours of feeling better. This recovery period is facilitated by consistent nursing and pumping, which re-establishes the high-demand signal to the body. Focusing on hydration and caloric intake as recovery continues supports the restoration of milk volume.
While a temporary dip is normal, specific signs warrant prompt professional medical attention. A persistent or worsening fever, localized breast pain, redness, or a hard lump that does not resolve after feeding or pumping can signal the development of mastitis, which causes a significant supply drop. If the milk supply fails to show any increase within a week after the parent has fully recovered, consult a lactation consultant or healthcare provider. This persistent issue may indicate a need to adjust the milk removal routine or investigate other underlying factors impacting production.