The uncomfortable feeling of a “plugged ear,” technically known as aural fullness, often involves muffled hearing, pressure, or mild discomfort. This sensation results from an imbalance in the delicate mechanics of the ear. The cause is either a physical blockage in the outer ear canal or a pressure issue deeper within the middle ear. Understanding the source is the first step toward finding appropriate relief.
Blockage from Earwax
The most frequent reason for a plugged ear is a buildup of cerumen, commonly called earwax, within the outer ear canal. Cerumen is a naturally produced substance composed of dead skin cells, hair, and gland secretions. Its purpose is to lubricate and protect the ear canal from debris and infection. Normally, movements like chewing help move old wax out of the ear, where it naturally flakes away.
A blockage, known as impaction, occurs when this self-cleaning process is disrupted, causing the cerumen to accumulate and harden. A common cause of impaction is the improper use of cotton swabs, which pushes the wax deeper into the ear canal. This creates a dense plug that obstructs the canal, leading to fullness and muffled hearing. People who frequently wear hearing aids or earplugs also have an increased risk of impaction.
Pressure Imbalance and Fluid Buildup
A plugged feeling not caused by earwax originates in the middle ear, a small, air-filled chamber located behind the eardrum. This area is regulated by the Eustachian tube, a narrow passageway that connects the middle ear to the back of the nose and throat. The tube’s primary function is to equalize air pressure, opening briefly when swallowing or yawning.
When the Eustachian tube becomes blocked or inflamed, known as Eustachian Tube Dysfunction (ETD), pressure cannot equalize, leading to the sensation of a plugged ear. Common triggers for ETD include upper respiratory infections, seasonal allergies, and sinus congestion, which cause swelling that extends to the tube’s opening. Changes in altitude, such as during flying or deep-sea diving, also induce ETD symptoms because the rapid pressure shift affects the tube’s ability to adjust quickly.
Prolonged ETD can cause fluid to build up behind the eardrum, a condition called otitis media with effusion. This trapped fluid impedes the eardrum’s ability to vibrate, intensifying the fullness and resulting in hearing loss. The fluid buildup can sometimes progress to an acute middle ear infection, which introduces pain and fever alongside the pressure sensation.
Home Remedies and Safe Relief Techniques
For a feeling of fullness caused by minor pressure changes, simple physical movements can stimulate the Eustachian tubes to open. Swallowing, yawning, or chewing gum are effective ways to activate the muscles that equalize pressure. The Valsalva maneuver involves taking a deep breath, pinching your nostrils shut, and attempting to blow air out through your nose while keeping your mouth closed. This carefully controlled increase in pressure can sometimes force the Eustachian tube open, resulting in a distinct “pop.”
If the issue is due to congestion from a cold, inhaling steam from a hot shower or a bowl of hot water can help reduce swelling and loosen mucus in the nasal passages and Eustachian tubes. For earwax impaction, over-the-counter softening drops containing mineral oil, hydrogen peroxide, or carbamide peroxide can break down the hardened wax. Apply these drops while tilting the head to the side and allowing the solution to sit for several minutes before draining. Never insert cotton swabs, hairpins, or any other objects into the ear canal, as this risks pushing the blockage deeper, damaging the eardrum, or causing an infection.
When to Seek Medical Attention
While many cases of plugged ears resolve on their own, certain symptoms require professional medical evaluation. If the plugged feeling is accompanied by severe or worsening ear pain, this may indicate a serious infection or inflammation needing prescription treatment. The presence of discharge, particularly if bloody or pus-filled, suggests a potential middle ear infection or eardrum perforation.
A sudden loss of hearing or the onset of severe dizziness (vertigo) alongside ear fullness necessitates immediate attention, as these can indicate serious inner ear conditions. Persistent symptoms that fail to improve after 48 to 72 hours of home care, or those accompanied by a fever above 101°F, should also prompt a visit to a healthcare provider. A medical professional can safely remove impacted earwax or prescribe medications to treat underlying infections or chronic Eustachian tube issues.