A swollen jaw, particularly when focused on the right side, is a common symptom that signals the body’s response to an underlying issue. This localized swelling, medically termed edema, occurs when fluid accumulates in the tissues as a result of trauma, inflammation, or infection. The area around the jawline contains numerous structures, including teeth, glands, muscles, and lymph nodes, meaning the source of the swelling can vary widely. While the symptom itself is a general indicator of a problem, determining the exact cause is necessary to receive appropriate treatment.
Swelling Originating from Teeth and Gums
The most frequent causes of unilateral jaw swelling originate directly from the oral cavity structure. A dental abscess represents a collection of pus that forms at the tip of a tooth root (periapical abscess) or in the gum tissue (periodontal abscess) due to a bacterial infection. Untreated decay, a chipped tooth, or gum disease allows bacteria to invade the pulp, spreading the infection down to the bone. The pressure from this pus-filled pocket causes the visible, often painful swelling on the exterior of the right jaw. Another common source is an issue with the third molars, or wisdom teeth, especially if the right lower one is partially erupted. When a wisdom tooth is impacted, a flap of gum tissue can trap food debris and bacteria, leading to a localized infection called pericoronitis. This infection causes inflammation and swelling that can quickly spread to the surrounding jaw and face. Swelling can also be the result of advanced gum disease, or periodontitis, where chronic plaque buildup radiates inflammation into the supporting tissues of the jaw.
Infections Affecting Lymph Nodes and Salivary Glands
Swelling that appears near the jawline may actually be a reaction from the body’s immune system or a problem with the salivary glands. The lymph nodes under the jaw and in the neck act as filters, trapping bacteria and viruses. When the body is fighting a localized infection, such as strep throat or an ear infection on the right side, the lymph nodes swell as they accumulate white blood cells. This condition, known as lymphadenopathy, usually causes tender, movable lumps that are a secondary symptom of the primary infection. The major salivary glands, particularly the parotid and submandibular glands, are also located near the jaw and can become swollen. Sialadenitis is an infection or inflammation of a salivary gland, often caused by a bacterial infection or a blockage. A common cause of obstruction is a salivary stone (sialolith), which prevents saliva from draining. When a stone blocks the duct, the gland tissue swells, sometimes causing pain that increases during meals.
Musculoskeletal Strain and Joint Dysfunction
Mechanical issues related to the jaw joint and surrounding muscles can also manifest as unilateral swelling. The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) connects the jawbone to the skull, and disorders of this joint (TMD) can cause inflammation and swelling near the ear and cheek. Inflammation within the joint capsule, sometimes caused by conditions like arthritis or injury, leads to swelling accompanied by pain, stiffness, and difficulty moving the jaw. Excessive strain on the jaw muscles can also contribute to localized swelling and pain. Teeth grinding or clenching, known as bruxism, can lead to muscle fatigue and inflammation, particularly in the large masseter muscle along the side of the jaw. Furthermore, a recent blow or injury to the right side of the face can cause immediate swelling and tenderness. Trauma, ranging from a minor contusion to a fracture or dislocation, requires prompt medical evaluation to assess the extent of the damage.
Warning Signs and When to Seek Medical Attention
While many causes of jaw swelling are treatable by a dentist or primary care doctor, certain signs indicate a situation that requires immediate attention. Swelling that is rapidly progressing or accompanied by difficulty breathing or swallowing should prompt an immediate trip to the emergency room. These symptoms suggest a deep space infection, such as Ludwig’s angina, where swelling in the floor of the mouth can compromise the airway. A high fever, chills, significant drooling, or an inability to fully open the mouth (trismus) are red flags that point toward a serious, spreading infection. If the swelling is persistent or associated with intense, throbbing tooth pain, seeking a professional diagnosis is necessary, as the underlying cause could range from a simple viral illness to a blocked salivary gland or joint dysfunction.